Final words

Do you know what is written on Frank Sinatra's tombstone? Take a look!

Credit: Greg Bulla

Derived from the Greek epitaphios meaning "a funeral oration," epitaphs are quotations or phrases carved on a grave to honor a deceased person. These poignant inscriptions —some written with a great sense of humor— portray the final thoughts and legacy of the departed. From famous writers to rockstars and Wild West outlaws, here's a selection of our 12 favorite celebrity epitaphs!

Credit: Scott Rodgerson

The epitaph inscribed on Emily Dickinson's tomb reflects her characteristically concise style: "Born Dec.10.1830, Called back May.15.1886". This inscription, simple yet loaded with meaning, captures the essence of her work, marked by an economy of words and emotional depth.

The phrase is taken from what is believed to be her last letter, which simply read: "Little Cousins, Called Back. Emily." In addition, Called Back is the title of a novella by Hugh Conway that the poet was fond of. Dickinson, one of the most important figures in American poetry, lived a life of isolation but left a poetic legacy that continues to resonate with readers even today.

Credit: By Steven Pavlov - Own work, CC0

Jimi Hendrix, one of the most influential guitarists in rock and roll history, left a simple but powerful epitaph: "Forever in Our Hearts". This inscription, along with a carved Stratocaster guitar, celebrates his contribution to the world of music and his lasting impact on his fans.

Hendrix, known for his virtuosity and innovative style, remains an iconic figure in the music world despite dying at a young age. Thanks to this epitaph, his memory will live on in the hearts of those who loved him and in future generations.

Credit: Nate Biddle

Mel Blanc, the legendary voice actor known for voicing iconic Looney Tunes characters, left an epitaph featuring his most famous catchphrase: "That's all folks".

This iconic line from the cartoons that entertained generations of viewers pays tribute to his career and his impact on popular culture. Blanc, who lent his voice to characters such as Porky Pig, Bugs Bunny, and Daffy Duck, remains a beloved figure, and his epitaph ensures that the laughs will go on forever.

Credit: By KRichter - probably own picture (see original filename), Public Domain

Edgar Allan Poe was best known for his gothic poetry and short stories. Despite being one of America's most famous writers, his grave remained unmarked after his death. Twenty-five years later, his family managed to raise enough money to install an epitaph honoring his most famous poem, "The Raven."

Edgar Allan Poe's epitaph reads: "Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’" The connection between his resting place and his most celebrated work emphasizes Poe's lasting influence on literature, ensuring that his legacy will continue to fascinate and inspire future generations of readers.

Credit: Marco Rickhoff

Film director Billy Wilder, known for films such as Sunset Boulevard, Sabrina, and The Seven Year Itch, had a keen sense of humor. So it's no wonder he left an epitaph that reflects his knack for satire and his distinctive wit.

"I'm a writer, but then nobody's perfect" is the inscription on the grave of the seven-time Academy Award-winning director, a reference to the iconic final line of his film Some Like It Hot. This epitaph not only pays tribute to his film career but also attests to his ironic and positive perspective on life.

Credit: By JayHenry - Own work, Public Domain

Francis Scott Fitzgerald, one of the best American novelists of the 20th century, is best known for his fabulous portrayal of the 1920s Jazz Age. Fitzgerald lived like his characters, surrounded by glamour, melancholy, and excess. Unfortunately, his career, though successful, was short. He died of a heart attack at the age of 44 and is now buried alongside his wife Zelda at St. Mary's Church Historic Cemetery in Rockville, Maryland.

Written on their gravestone is the last line from his greatest novel, The Great Gatsby: "So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past."

Credit: By Don English (1901-1964); Paramount Pictures - Heritage Auctions, Public Domain

Marlene Dietrich, the iconic German-American actress and singer, left an epitaph that reflects her elegance and poetic sense: "Hier steh ich an den Marken meiner Tage" ("Here I am standing at the border stones of my days").

Dietrich, known for her glamorous persona and exotic looks, was one of the highest-paid actresses of Hollywood's golden age. The phrase on her gravestone in Berlin, though laden with melancholy, is also a tribute to her career in the arts, and her lifelong humanitarian efforts.

Credit: Pierre Antona

Jim Morrison, the charismatic leader of The Doors, left an epitaph that reflects his rebellious spirit and philosophy of life: "Kata ton daimona eaytoy" ("True to his own spirit", in classical Greek).

This inscription is carved on a bronze plaque at his resting place at the Père-Lachaise cemetery in Paris, one of the most visited graves by fans from all over the world. The simple but poignant phrase manages to convey the essence of Morrison as an artist who lived by his own rules. His epitaph, as well as his musical and poetic legacy, continues to inspire those who seek to live authentically.

Credit: By Missouri State Archives

Jesse James, the famous Wild West outlaw, was treacherously murdered by his friend Robert Ford when he was only 34 years old. His mother, outraged by this heinous act, recorded her grievance on his epitaph: "Murdered by a traitor and coward whose name is not worthy to appear here."

This inscription, loaded with resentment, reflects the controversy and myth surrounding the figure of James. The original grave site is located in the backyard of the James family farm in Kearney, Missouri. The Jesse James Birthplace Museum, open for tours, displays family artifacts and, of course, Jesse's original epitaph.

Credit: Andrea Piacquadio

Freddie Mercury, lead singer of the popular British rock group Queen, has one of the most famous epitaphs among rock stars. Freddie died at the young age of 45 and was cremated at West London Crematorium in Kensal Green Cemetery, where there is now a cenotaph in his honor that reads: "Lover of life, singer of songs".

The touching phrase, penned by bandmate Brian May, accurately describes the complex figure of one of the greatest showmen ever. Freddie’s theatrical stage appearances captured the world's attention in the 1970s but he will always be remembered for his incredible voice, flamboyant style, and unparalleled talent.

Credit: By Diagram Lajard - Own work, Public Domain

Frank Sinatra, legendary singer and actor, left an epitaph that reflects his unwavering optimism: "The best is yet to come". This phrase, which is also the title of one of his most famous songs, embodies a sense of hope and the promise of a better future.

For his fans, Sinatra's epitaph is a reminder of his musical legacy and indomitable spirit. But it is also a testament to his enormous legacy, a wonderful voice that will continue to resonate long after he is gone.

Credit: By Syd Storm - Own work, CC0

John Keats, one of the great British poets of Romanticism, died of tuberculosis in 1821 when he was only 25 years old. Despite his young age, he left us a remarkable body of work that remains among the most popular and analyzed in English literature still to this day.

Knowing himself to be very ill, Keats had only one last wish, to be buried under a tombstone bearing no name or date, only the words, "Here lies One whose Name was writ in Water." Pretty poetic, don’t you think?

Extreme challenges

Space 101: 10 critical ways astronauts stay alive

Credit: NASA Hubble Space Telescope

Space is the final frontier, but that hasn’t stopped humans from pushing beyond its boundaries. Space exploration, however, is fraught with danger. On Earth, we’re shielded from the cosmic hazards and extreme conditions that dominate the universe, but beyond our atmosphere, astronauts face a multitude of threats. From handling microgravity’s impact on the body to navigating the deadly vacuum, survival in space requires precision and discipline. Here are 10 essential things astronauts must do to stay alive—and continue their quest to explore the cosmos.

Credit: Benjamin Recinos

A space suit is essential for survival beyond Earth’s atmosphere, providing protection from various hazards such as extreme temperatures, radiation, vacuum, and even space debris. The suit contains several layers, including thermal control and micrometeoroid shields, ensuring astronauts don’t freeze in the shadow of space or burn in direct sunlight. It also prevents depressurization effects by maintaining a stable internal atmosphere.

The suit also contains communication systems and a supply of oxygen, allowing astronauts to breathe and stay connected with their team during spacewalks. Without a suit, exposure to space would cause an astronaut to lose consciousness within seconds due to the lack of atmospheric pressure and oxygen deprivation.

Credit: Joshua Chehov

As most people know, space lacks breathable oxygen. While oxygen is technically present beyond our atmosphere and elsewhere—ranking as the third most abundant element in the universe—its concentration in the vastness of space is so low that, for all practical purposes, it is equal to 0%. Thus, maintaining a sufficient oxygen supply is one of the greatest challenges astronauts face.

Fortunately, there are effective methods for generating oxygen to support long-duration missions. On the International Space Station (ISS), oxygen is produced through electrolysis, a process that splits water into oxygen and hydrogen. In the case of a system failure, astronauts can rely on emergency oxygen tanks, although these supplies are limited. Equally important is managing carbon dioxide levels. A process called carbon dioxide scrubbing is used to eliminate CO2, preventing suffocation.

Credit: NASA

While there is no such thing as "zero gravity," the effects of Earth's gravity diminish the farther we travel from its sphere of influence. This near-weightless condition, known as microgravity, triggers immediate physiological changes in the human body. Without the gravitational pull that typically draws blood toward the legs, fluids shift upward, causing facial swelling and increased pressure behind the eyes. This can lead to a range of health issues, including impaired vision.

Over time, astronauts also face muscle atrophy and bone density loss, as their bodies no longer have to bear their own weight. To counteract this, astronauts must exercise daily with resistance machines, treadmills, and bikes. However, even with strict exercise regimens, muscle and bone recovery can take months once they return to Earth.

Credit: NASA

While we may not always be aware of it, Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field provide essential protection against a range of invisible dangers found in deep space, with radiation being one of the most concerning. Even during a flight, passengers are exposed to elevated levels of radiation, roughly equivalent to a chest X-ray for every 10 hours spent in the air.

Astronauts, however, often operate beyond the protective layers of our planet, exposing them to even greater radiation levels. Spacecraft are equipped with radiation shields, but they can’t block all radiation. Astronauts can receive up to 10 times the radiation dosage they would on Earth, increasing their cancer risk in the long term. But the most dangerous radiation threat comes from solar flares. During these solar events, astronauts must take cover in specially shielded areas of their spacecraft.

Credit: Kai Dahms

In space, every ounce of food and water must be carefully rationed. Thus, astronauts survive eating pre-packaged, freeze-dried meals that are both lightweight and rich in nutrients. They simply add water to rehydrate the meals before eating, ensuring they get enough calories to maintain energy levels. While it might not sound very appealing to live out of freeze-dried meals for months, astronauts also experience a noticeable reduction in taste due to the lack of gravity.

Drinking water presents its own set of challenges. Nothing can be wasted, so space stations designed for long-term habitation, like the International Space Station (ISS), often employ advanced filtration systems to recycle water from condensation, sweat, and even urine! Astronaut life isn’t all it’s cracked up to be, huh?

Credit: NASA

Even with all their training, the deep isolation and confinement of space can significantly impact an astronaut’s mental health. Long missions far from Earth can lead to feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and depression. To deal with that, astronauts are encouraged to maintain a daily routine, exercise, and engage in team activities. Communication with loved ones back on Earth is also crucial for their emotional well-being.

Space agencies take mental health very seriously, conducting regular psychological assessments during missions. Studies have shown that astronauts on extended missions may experience a decline in cognitive abilities and an increase in stress levels—factors that can be critical in such a delicate environment, where mental clarity and emotional stability can be a matter of life or death.

Credit: noe fornells

Despite the popular belief that it’s unforgivingly cold, space doesn’t have a temperature in the traditional sense—after all, it’s a vacuum. Instead, temperatures can shift dramatically, ranging from boiling hot to freezing cold, depending on exposure to the Sun. Astronauts rely on their suits and spacecraft systems to maintain a stable internal temperature. The suit’s liquid cooling garment, which contains a network of water-filled tubes, helps astronauts regulate their body temperature during spacewalks.

Inside the spacecraft, temperature control systems work to prevent the interior from becoming unbearably hot or cold. However, there have been instances where astronauts had to repair these systems themselves to avoid the dangers posed by extreme temperatures, which can fluctuate rapidly from 250°F to -250°F.

Credit: Muha Ajjan

Ever wondered why most astronauts struggle to walk by themselves after returning to Earth from long missions? As we pointed out before, without the constant pull of gravity, muscles weaken very rapidly. In fact, astronauts can lose up to 20% of their muscle mass in just two weeks without exercise.

While it would be technically possible to maintain proper muscle mass through rigorous exercise, doing so would require significantly more time than it does on Earth. Astronauts lead extremely busy lives—every minute counts up there—leaving little time for anything beyond essential tasks. So, if you were thinking about heading to space to hit the gym, you might want to reconsider and stick to your local fitness center instead!

Credit: NASA Hubble Space Telescope

Space debris, which includes everything from tiny meteoroids to fragments of defunct satellites and spent rocket parts, can travel at astonishing speeds of up to 17,500 mph! These high-speed projectiles can easily puncture spacecraft or damage equipment, putting astronauts' lives at serious risk.

The ISS is equipped with monitoring systems that detect nearby debris, allowing the station to perform evasive maneuvers when needed. However, this is far from a solved issue. Many scientists warn that if space pollution, much of which is produced by improper satellite disposal, is not addressed soon, it could lead to a cascading effect of collisions that would generate even more debris, and thus more collisions… you get the idea. This alarming scenario is known as Kessler Syndrome, and if left unchecked, it could threaten the safety and feasibility of future space exploration.

Credit: National Cancer Institute

As if astronauts didn’t have enough going on already, space weakens the immune system, making astronauts more vulnerable to infections. This immunosuppression is caused by a mix of stress, microgravity, and increased radiation exposure. Studies have shown that astronauts’ white blood cells, which help fight infections, are less effective in space.

To make things worse, bacteria and viruses seem to behave differently out there, often becoming way more virulent than on Earth. Astronauts must be extra vigilant about hygiene, regularly disinfecting their living spaces and monitoring their health—not an easy task in the often cramped spaces where they must carry out their missions.